1 of 3 · c. 610-615 CE · early Makkah · Makkah, the hot valleys around the city
Bilal ibn Rabah رضي الله عنه
'Ahad, Ahad'
Bilal was born a slave in Makkah to an Abyssinian mother, Hamamah, and belonged to Umayyah ibn Khalaf of the Banu Jumah. He accepted Islam in its earliest days, among the first seven to declare it publicly.
Others were protected by their clans. Bilal had no one. Ibn Mas'ud reported that the pagans seized the believers and made them wear iron armour and be scorched in the sun. They all conceded something to what was demanded of them, except Bilal: he treated himself as nothing for the sake of Allah, and his people treated him as nothing. They gave him to the boys of Makkah, who dragged him through the streets while he kept saying, "Ahad, Ahad" (One, One) (Sunan Ibn Majah 150).
In the reports, his master Umayyah would lay him in the burning sand with a great rock on his chest and tell him to renounce Muhammad ﷺ. Bilal would answer only with those words.
One word, held onto under pressure, can carry a whole faith.
What is your 'Ahad', the word you would still say with a rock on your chest?
- Sunan Ibn Majah 150Graded by Al-Albani: Hasan Sahih · Muhammad Fouad Abd al-Baqi: Hasan · Shuaib Al Arnaut: Hasan · Zubair Ali Zai: Isnaad HasanSahih
- Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-NabawiyyahHistorical report
- Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabaqat al-KubraHistorical report
What the hadith grades mean
- Sahih (authentic): an unbroken chain of trustworthy, precise narrators, free of hidden flaws or contradiction. It is acted upon.
- Hasan (good): like sahih, but a narrator's precision is slightly lighter. It is also accepted and acted upon. "Hasan sahih" means it reaches sahih by its routes.
- Da'if (weak): a break in the chain or a narrator who is not reliable enough. It is not used to establish beliefs or rulings.
- Very weak (munkar, matruk): a seriously flawed chain or a narrator accused of lying. It is not relied on at all.
- Mawdu' (fabricated): falsely attributed to the Prophet ﷺ. It may not be narrated as his words except to warn against it.
- The two Sahihs: every hadith with a full chain in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim is accepted as sahih by the scholars of hadith.
- Historical report: biographies and histories (Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabari) record events with chains that are often incomplete. They are used for the story, not for rulings.
- Hadith scholars grade a narration; the four madhhabs do not. Where a hadith carries a ruling, the page shows which schools act on it.
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